Mass IRA grave a compelling element of UCC’s architectural heritage

Following an escalation of the War of Independence, the British government introduced martial law to the rebellious province of Munster in December 1920 (it was subsequently extended to counties Kilkenny and Wexford). Among its many provisions was the death penalty for any civilian caught in possession of arms, ammunition, or explosives. The 13 IRA Volunteers buried at UCC were all sentenced to death for this infraction.

The first prisoner executed was IRA Captain Cornelius Murphy (aged 30), of the Rathduane Company, Millstreet Battalion, Cork No. 2 Brigade. He was shot by a British firing squad on February 1, 1921. On February 28, six IRA Volunteers were executed, five of whom had been captured in an abortive ambush at Dripsey by the 6th Battalion, Cork No. 1 Brigade. They were Volunteers Patrick O’Mahony Jr (aged 30) of Berrings, Inishcarra; Timothy McCarthy (aged 21), Fornaught, Donoughmore; John Lyons (aged 27), Aghabulloge; Thomas O’Brien (aged 20), Model Village, Dripsey; and Daniel O’Callaghan (aged 22), Dripsey.

Also executed that day was Captain Seán Allen (aged 27) of Tipperary, 4th Battalion, Tipperary No. 3 Brigade.

The next round of executions occurred during a four- day span in April and May 1921. On April 28, Volunteer Maurice Moore (aged 26) of Cobh, Co Cork and Lieutenant Patrick Sullivan (aged 24), also of Cobh, were both shot, following their capture during the Fourth Battalion, Cork No. 1 Brigade flying column disaster at Clonmulttarget="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">. On the same day, Volunteers Thomas Mulcahy (aged 25) and Patrick Ronayne (aged 26), both of Burnfort, Mallow, Co Cork, died by firing squad. Members of the 5th Battalion, Cork No. 2 Brigade, they were captured at the miscarried Mourne Abbey Ambush.

Four days later, on May 2, a firing squad shot Volunteer Patrick Casey (aged 26) of Caherly, Grange, Co Limerick. He was the quartermaster of the 5th Battalion, Mid-Limerick Brigade, captured after a firefight at Knockanevin. The final execution occurred on May 16, 1921. Volunteer Daniel O’Brien (aged 30) of Knockardbane, Co Cork, was shot five days after his capture in Aughrim, following service with the Liscarroll Company, Charleville Battalion of the Cork No. 2 Brigade.

The Cork Men’s Gaol opened in about 1803 as the Cork and County Gaol, with the Sunday’s Well Gaol acting for city prisoners. Under the 1878 General Prisons (Ireland) Act, the Sunday’s Well gaol was designated a women’s prison, while the County Gaol housed men only. Despite this change, the Cork Male Gaol is often still referred to as the “Cork County Gaol”. After 1946, the Gaol was used for remand prisoners or those on sentences of up to three months, before its final closure on April 1, 1956. 

In 1946 about one-third of the site, bounding on College Rd, was handed over to UCC. It was here in 1954 that the electrical engineering building was built. This part of the site included the graves of the13 executed IRA Volunteers.

With this new ground, it was also now possible to create a vehicular entrance from College Road, which enabled easy access to the burial plot. The rest of the gaol was transferred to UCC in 1957. UCC demolished the remaining buildings, except for the Greek Revival facade and parts of the boundary wall along Gaol Walk.

Memorial plans

IN 1944, the Cork Gaol Memorial Committee of the Old IRA Men’s Association, under the chairmanship of Tom Crofts, began collecting funds for a suitable memorial. Cork sculptor Séamus Murphy RHA was commissioned to create the stone plaque on the front wall of the gaol. The plaque, which is dated 1947, is made of limestone in three panels, all framed in bronze. The names of 18 men are finely etched in Gaelic lettering.

Seventeen men who had lost their lives on the gaol grounds during the 1920-23 period were remembered: 13 executed in 1921, one executed during the Irish Civil War (William Healy, March 13, 1923), two who died on hunger strike (Michael Fitzgerald, October 17, 1920, and Joseph Murphy, October 25, 1920), one executed during the Irish Civil War (William Healy March 13, 1923), and one was shot by a Free State sentry during a prison disturbance (Patrick Mangan, September 25, 1922). The final name was that of Captain James Barrett of Firmount, Co Cork, who had been wounded during the Dripsey Ambush and died in the military hospital at Victorian Barracks on March 22, 1921.

The monument over the grave was probably created by John A. O’Connell and Sons — the name “O Conaill” is inscribed on the monument — O’Connells had their stone yard at Watercourse Rd. This monument takes the form of a pair of vertical back panels, on which the names are carved, on either side of a stylised cross.

There are 13 burials in the plot, but a 14th name (Risteard Ua Nunáin / Richard Noonan, of Fianna Éireann) has been added to the left-hand panel. Noonan was 18 when he died of heart failure while  imprisoned in the gaol (October 11, 1922), and is buried at St Finbarr’s Cemetery, Cork.

After the successful fundraising drive and construction, the unveiling of the memorial and the plaque took place on Sunday, July 11, 1948. A procession with five bands left the Grand Parade at 2pm, arriving at UCC by 4pm when Éamon de Valéra TD (he was no longer Taoiseach) unveiled the memorial plaque on the gaol wall. He then entered the UCC grounds, where he was met by university president, Dr Alfred O’Rahilly, and the registrar, Professor Henry St J. Atkins. The monument was blessed by the Rev. Fr Augustine Hayden OFM Cap. Like other Capuchins, Fr Augustine was closely associated with the republican movement, having ministered to Padraic Pearse and James Connolly after the Easter Rising and officiated Terence and Muriel MacSwiney’s wedding in 1917.

After his blessing, a decade of the Rosary was recited. A firing part consisting of IRA veterans then fired three volleys and the Last Post and Reveille were sounded. De Valéra then addressed the crowd from a platform erected nearby.

The unveiling was used to mark the handing over to UCC of the “sacred soil which enshrouds the ashes of these brave men”. Mr O’Rahilly accepted the memorial on behalf of UCC, thanked the Cork Gaol Memorial Committee which had presented it, and the outgoing government for its generosity in handing over the site. Mr O’Rahilly reminded the audience that he himself had been imprisoned in 1921, and recalled hearing the gunfire of some of the executions. A photograph of the grave monument being unveiled on the day was printed in the Cork Examiner; this shows the gaol in the background.

In 1992, three stones were laid on the grass with the names, in English, of those buried in this plot, with place of origin, along with a text: “Here lie the mortal remains of 13 Volunteers of the Irish Republican Army executed by British firing squads in the Cork Military Barracks in 1921 and buried here in what was then a part of the exercise yard of the former Cork County Jail.” The centre stone has a quotation from Padraic Pearse (this is also on the memorial plaque on the gaol wall): “Beidh iomrádh ortha i measc a muinntire cuimhneochaidh an uile ghlún iad agus mórfaid said a n-ainm Pádraig Mac Piarais”. The names of the 13 buried here were inscribed again on the flat stones of the surrounding kerb.

Though passed without comment by generations of students and staff, the mass grave and its memorial are a unique and compelling element of UCC’s remarkable architectural heritage.

• Margaret Lantry is acting university curator, Heritage Services, Buildings & Estates, UCC

The executed prisoners buried in University College Cork

• Maurice Moore: Joined the Volunteers in 1916 and was very active in Cobh. Captured at the battle at Clonmult. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 25.
• Paddy O’Sullivan: A classmate of Moore at school, he joined the Volunteers after 1916. Also captured at the battle at Clonmult. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 25.
• Patrick O’Mahony: Joined the Volunteers in 1915. Captured by British forces during the battle at Dripsey. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 28.
• John Lyons: Joined the Volunteers in 1917. Captured at the battle at Dripsey. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 22.
• Thomas O’Brien: Joined the Volunteers in 1920. Captured at the battle at Dripsey. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 24.

• Sean Allen: Joined the Volunteers in 1913. Captured by British forces at Kilross. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 27.
• Daniel O’Brien: Joined the Volunteers in 1917. Captured by British forces in Liscarrol. Executed on May 16, 1921 — he was 30.
• Patrick Casey: Joined the Volunteers in 1914. Joined the Mid-Limerick Flying Column. Captured by British forces during a fierce battle. Executed on May 2, 1921 — he was 26.
• Timothy McCarthy: Joined the Volunteers at the age of 15. Took part in major activities in the Blarney / Inniscarra area. Captured during the fight at Dripsey. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 20.
• Michael Fitzgerald: Joined the Volunteers in 1914. Captured by British forces in 1920 and imprisoned in Cork. Went on hunger strike and died on October, 1920 — he was 39.
• Patrick Ronayne: Joined the Volunteers in 1915. Captured by British forces during the battle at Clonmult. Executed on April 28, 1921 — he was 26.
• Thomas Mulcahy: Joined the Volunteers in 1915. With Ronayne, he was captured at the battle at Clonmult. Executed on April 28, 1921 — he was 25.
• Daniel O’Callaghan: Joined the Volunteers in 1917. Captured at the battle at Dripsey. Executed on February 28, 1921 — he was 19.
• Con Murphy: Joined the Volunteers in 1915. Captured by British forces during a raid in January 1921. Executed on February 1, 1921 — he was 30.
• Joseph Murphy: Joined the Volunteers in 1917. Involved in numerous attacks on British police and military posts. Arrested in July, 1920. Died in October, 1920 after 76 days on hunger strike — he was 25.
• Liam Healy: Joined the IRA in 1918. Captured by Free State forces and executed on March 13, 1923. He was the last person to be executed at Cork Gaol.
• Patrick Mangan: Joined the IRA in 1919. Captured by Free State Forces near Fermoy in 1922. Executed on September, 1922. He was 22.