How often should I clean my bird feeder?
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As the cold weather continues, wildlife lovers are filling up their feeders with seeds, nuts and other goodies to attract as many birds as they can to their gardens.
But if the birds are slow to polish off the treats, how long will your bird food keep when exposed to the elements?
And what about all the sticky, decomposed debris that ends up at the bottom of the feeders?
RHS senior ecologist Gemma Golding warns: "If you've had a lot of birds feeding in one area, they poo and wee on and below the bird feeder. You've then got a lot of excrement and material that can spread disease."
Here's what you need to know about keeping bird feeders shipshape...
"We recommend that feeders are cleaned at least once a week, but more often is better," says Rob Jaques, of the British Trust for Ornithology (bto.org), who helps run its Garden BirdWatch scheme.
"Some people have pairs of feeders, one is active while the other is being cleaned, though we understand that might not be practical for many people."
Wash it in soapy water or in a weak bleach solution (5% bleach to water), making sure all stale food is removed and feeders are rinsed and fully dried before being replaced, Jaques advises.
"It is good to think of feeders like plates in a restaurant. We wouldn't want to eat from a plate used by dozens of customers, so why should the birds?"
Helen Moffat from the RSPB adds: "We advise cleaning feeders outside and having some cleaning utensils you use only for this job. The same applies to bird baths, too."
Eric Michels of CJ Wildlife (birdfood.co.uk), adds: "Feeders should be air-dried before refilling to ensure seed doesn't go damp and spoil, or attract bacteria. Specialist cleaning brushes are a handy tool that makes cleaning easier, allowing you to reach inside the tube and into corners, where it is difficult to get to."
The disease that has had the largest impact is trichomonosis, Jaques warns. This affects birds by swelling their throats, making it difficult for them to swallow. They then cough up seeds, which are picked up by different birds, spreading the disease.
"This has been proven to be behind the rapid declines in greenfinch and chaffinch, and is likely affecting collared dove populations," he notes.
"There is concern that it will jump across to new species, as it has done in the past. If any sick or dead birds are seen then feeders should be taken down immediately for at least three weeks," he advises.
BirdWatch Ireland is asking members of the public who are taking part in the Irish Garden Bird Survey this winter to make note of any sick finches they see in their garden, so that they can gather more detailed information on the extent of the problem in Ireland.
[Separately, reports of potential cases of Avian Influenza can be made to the Department of Agriculture's Avian Influenza Hotline (01 6072512 during office hours or 01 4928026 outside office hours).]
Golding suggests if you have space, it might be worth moving feeders regularly to different parts of the garden, reducing the high concentration of birds in one space.
"Most food is good outside for a few days, but hot or rainy weather can cause it to spoil more quickly, especially things like fat balls," says Moffat. "If you are putting out leftovers, such as cheese and fruit, make sure it's eaten whilst it's still fresh, or remove it if not."
Jaques adds: "All foods are capable of going off, because of this we recommend only a day's worth of food is put out at a time. However, peanuts, when stored incorrectly, seem to go mouldy very quickly. These moulds produce aflatoxins, which can be very dangerous for birds, wildlife, and even people. The weather will have an impact. Warm, wet weather is ideal for diseases and mould, whereas dry and cool food will last a while. However, diseases can be spread at any time, so the same hygiene practices should be practised throughout the year."
Moffat says: "We'd advise not putting full feeders out until you've gauged how much appetite there is. If you have just started feeding birds, it will take a while for them to find your feeders — or if you've changed their location, as we advise doing every few weeks.
"Just put a little feed in there and dispose of this if it doesn't get eaten each week, possibly sooner if it is hot or wet weather, which will spoil the food more quickly, especially food such as fat balls."
Jaques adds: "It is best to put out new feeders when birds will be looking for food. The busiest time is late winter and early spring when most wild food has become scarce."
"Firstly, simply check it visually. If it is clumped together, there are insects inside, or it appears to be sprouting, you should get rid of it, clean your feeder and replace with a fresh batch," advises Michels.
"Some bird seeds have a strong odour when they become unsafe to eat or overly damp, particularly those with high natural oil content. If your birdfeed smells rancid, musty or just not right, throw it out.
"Finally, if it's been a few days since you last saw a bird on your feeder, this could be a sign that it is not fresh. Try cleaning and refilling to see if birds come back."
"Yes — feeders should be able to be fully taken apart, so each part can be reached and cleaned properly. There is a trend for people to buy really long feeders, but these are often difficult to clean, and food is more likely to spoil. So, unless your garden is particularly busy with birds, small feeders are better," says Jaques.
"Fortunately, we have had very few instances of avian influenza being seen in gardens, and garden species are rarely affected," Jaques observes.
"However, this could change as this particular strain of the disease can jump between species. We ask that if people see signs of any disease in their garden wildlife, then they stop feeding immediately for at least three weeks, and report the sighting," he advises.